Securities Times reporter Yu Shengliang
On June 8, as the last field of wheat was harvested in the south of Dalingkou Village, Yulin Township, Jian'an District, Xuchang City, Henan Province, the tense summer harvest was successfully completed.Afterwards, four combine harvesters and operators from Dalingkou Village went to Shandong to continue participating in the summer harvest battle where every second counts.
As of 17:00 on the 11th, more than 85 million mu of wheat in Henan had harvested 83.9 million mu, accounting for about 98% of the province's planting area.The receivable area of Shandong, the second largest wheat producing area in China, is 60.03 million mu, of which 40.223 million mu has been received, accounting for 67% of the receivable area.
Respondents generally reported to Securities Times reporters that this year is a bumper year, and the year is better than previous years.Li Guangcheng, a grain dealer in Dalingkou Village, has prepared millions of purchase funds, which are almost exhausted.He said that this year's local wheat yield of 1,200 to 1,300 catties per mu is normal, and some have reached 1,500 catties.His own land was watered twice, with an average yield of 1,270 catties per mu.In previous years, the local average yield per mu was just over 1,000 catties.
rush in the harvest
In May, when an epidemic broke out in Xuchang, several local villages were sealed off. Special police patrol cars were cruising in the villages, and drones were flying in the sky. Outsiders were not allowed to enter.Farmers can't even go out to the streets, let alone work in the fields.
Until the wheat was about to ripen, the epidemic continued, and several nearby villages were found to be infected, which made the hearts of local cadres and villagers go to their throats, lest the summer harvest be delayed.Fortunately, in early June when the summer harvest came, the epidemic was effectively controlled and the control was relaxed.
During the tense period of control and control, the local organization combined harvester operators to set up a WeChat group, hoping that local harvesters would not go to other places to harvest, in case it was difficult to return in case of accidents, and it was difficult for out-of-town harvesters to reach the local area due to epidemic prevention and control. May delay the harvest of local crops.The local government plans to use frequent nucleic acid tests to prove that the operators are healthy, so as not to miss the agricultural time.There are more than 100 local harvesters, even if there are no foreign operators, they can basically complete the harvesting task.However, with the relaxation of epidemic control, harvesters from other places can also go to the local area.After days of hard work, all the wheat was harvested, and the WeChat group of more than 100 operators was disbanded. This year, the wheat harvest task was completed.
In the era of no combine harvester, it usually takes one month to complete the summer harvest and autumn planting. Why is there a harvester and a rush to harvest?The main reason is that the weather is cloudy and sunny in summer. If the wheat is overripe and hangs in the ear, it will be afraid that the wheat will germinate during the rainy days, and the quality will decrease. The wheat can only be processed at a low price; Not only is it easy to lose wheat, but it also delays the planting of autumn crops.
Harvesting means that the harvesters work together. For example, if a village has 1,000 mu of wheat fields, one harvester can harvest 80 mu in one day, and the harvest can be finished in 12 days, but no one will only hand over the order to one machine.If 4 machines harvest at the same time, it can be completed in 3~4 days.The rush harvest is beneficial to the wheat harvest and the next autumn sowing.If the wheat is harvested, if it rains, it is just right to plant the autumn crops.If it is not harvested, it will rain and the farming season will be missed.
A harvester costs more than 100,000 yuan, and it can only do about 4 days of work in one place a year. Of course, the cost cannot be recovered.The wheat harvest season starts in May and ends in July, spanning Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. Most harvesters cannot fully participate in the entire harvesting stage. , and can only participate in a few of them.
Boss Hu, who lives in Tianmen, Hubei, had his first meal of the day at 9:00 p.m. on May 8. He started harvesting in May, starting from Suizhou, Hubei, arriving in Xinye, Henan, and then Shangqiu. Now he is in Jining, Shandong. It takes 5 to 6 days to harvest wherever I go, and about 300 to 400 acres in each place. This year, the cost of harvesting per mu of land is 60 to 70 yuan, an increase of 10% to 20% over previous years.Boss Hu is a professional operator. He drives the harvester to run around the country, harvesting everything from rice, soybeans to sorghum.There are more than 10 people in the village who have harvesters, and they walk in groups.
After harvesting in one place, they will load the harvester in a truck and drive 200 to 300 kilometers north to the place where the harvest is 4 to 5 days late.The same is true of other harvesters. They interspersed and surrounded and completed the harvest together. Their intense labor also prompted the harvest to be completed as soon as possible.
harvest year
Boss Hu, a harvester operator, said that his hometown of Hubei had wheat lodging, but the wheat production in his hometown itself was not high, and it was not the main grain-producing area. A few places can reach 1100 catties.
Li Guangcheng, a grain harvester, said that last year, the local yield per mu was 900-1,000 jin. This year, the yield has increased greatly. Most of them reach more than 1,200 jin, and a few can reach 1,500 jin.The same is true for the surrounding villages. The 20 kilometers north of the local post can only be harvested from the sky because it cannot be watered. In good years in previous years, it was 800 jin, but this year it can reach 1,000 jin.Although the hillock is in the north, due to the drought, it matures early, four or five days earlier than the surrounding area. The harvester can open the sickle a few days earlier, and the grain dealer can also follow to harvest the wheat.
"I don't even believe that wheat can yield such a high yield. I calculated my own, and the yield per mu is 1,270 catties. My wheat has only been watered with two waters, which is not too much. Some people have watered three or four times. The more water, the more yield. High." He said that the purchase of wheat is a cash transaction, and now the purchase price is 1.5 yuan to 1.55 yuan per kilogram, and one mu of land can basically be sold for 1,700 yuan to 1,800 yuan, and the high price can reach 2,000 yuan, which is also history. Highest year.In order to buy wheat, he borrowed hundreds of thousands, and now he has acquired millions of yuan of wheat.Larger grain vendors would come to him to buy them, and he would also sell to flour mills or state-owned grain depots in due course.
"There is a slight increase in yield." Wang Qingchang, a researcher at the Wheat Research Institute of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, believes that this is mainly because the problem of late planting last year was more serious and became one of the most important hidden dangers for a bumper grain yield. Previously, due to late planting, many people in the industry originally estimated that this year's Bad harvest.
He said that in the past two years, farmers have really achieved a bumper harvest, and the purchase price of wheat has risen last year."The increase in food prices has indeed brought benefits to farmers. The prices are better this year, and farmers are more motivated to cultivate land. No matter how to encourage farmers to cultivate land, it is not as effective as the increase in food prices."
late broadcast
Li Guangcheng believes that the good harvest is due to the good weather and good weather this year, the wheat has no problems and the quality is good."In recent years, the varieties are generally good, with strong adaptability and high yield." Fortunately, there is no late sowing in the local area.
Henan is a major wheat-growing province. There are many local scientific research departments studying wheat varieties, and they are in a leading position in the research and development of wheat varieties.Wang Qingchang said that the production of Zhengmai 369 and other varieties has increased significantly.
Last year's winter wheat had a rather unfavorable start. According to the data surveyed by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, it was rainy in autumn in the north last year. Affected by the autumn flood, many places could not sow winter wheat on time. The five provinces of Shanxi and Shaanxi accounted for 2/3 of all late-sown winter wheat.
The late broadcast time varies from place to place, some are about 10 days, and the late broadcast lasts for more than 1-2 months.The late sowing time is short, which is called "late sowing at the right time" by experts, and the impact is not great, but there are still some that are delayed for a long time, and there is still water in the fields when planting in some places, and the situation is more serious.
"Late sowing in such a large area last year is something I haven't seen in decades," said Liu Luxiang, deputy director of the Institute of Crop Science of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and chief scientist of the National Wheat Industry Technology System. "The reason why the sowing period was so long last year is that It is also because we demand that all the crops should be sown, and only by stabilizing the planting area can the output be stabilized." In the end, the wheat planting area reached 336 million mu.The wheat planting area in the previous year was 354 million mu.
However, late sowing caused many unfavorable factors: poor quality of land preparation in some wheat fields, and insufficient smashing of the previous stalks, resulting in hanging root seedlings in wheat, poor growth and easy freezing damage.
epidemic
The impact of the epidemic on agriculture is very great, and the media pays close attention to reports from time to time, arousing the concern and doubts of people all over the country, as well as their anxiety about food security.
This is mainly because the virus is highly contagious, and various places have upgraded prevention and control measures. For example, in February, in order to prevent the spread of the epidemic, a certain place issued spring plowing certificates to farmers and took turns to go to the fields.From time to time, videos have been circulated in the media. Epidemic prevention personnel in a certain area drove a police car to prevent farmers from going to the fields, intimidated them loudly, and asked them to review the situation.
In April this year, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the National Health and Health Commission issued the "Guidelines for Coordinating New Coronary Pneumonia Epidemic Prevention and Control and Spring Agricultural Production", which stipulates that "one size fits all" and layer-by-layer overweighting is prohibited. Closing off roads and closing villages, preventing farmers from going to the land, and timely opening up blockages that affect farmers returning to their hometowns for farming, agricultural machinery on the road, agricultural materials transfer, production and supply of agricultural products, etc., to ensure the normal development of agricultural production.
Despite this, many places still emphasize that it is strictly forbidden to prevent farmers from going to the fields on the grounds of epidemic prevention.Whether farmers can go to the ground to farm has become a problem.
In the past, many places also cut off rural roads, affecting the flow of agricultural materials. In May, when corn and rice are planted in the northeast, local people are worried that farmers will not be able to return to their hometowns in time, and seeds and fertilizers will not be available in time.
In May, a netizen left a message to the secretary of a county party committee on People's Daily Online: I contracted more than 100 mu of land. It is now the management period of wheat grouting and the sowing period of spring corn. I would like to ask if our county can apply for a pass. .
The reply from the Social Affairs and Public Opinion Office of the County Party Committee Office of the county is: We feel the same as the problem you have reported, but our county is currently at a critical moment of epidemic prevention and control. According to the requirements of epidemic prevention and control, the entire county must remain silent, and the public must Stay home.
Logically speaking, grass-roots governments should create more flexible measures to help farmers catch up with the farming season, instead of arbitrarily restricting farmers' hands and feet and creating obstacles to agricultural production.
The outbreak in May is of particular concern because it is the wheat grain-filling period. This period, and the subsequent harvest period, is very critical. If the farming time is delayed, the harvest is likely to be discounted.
According to the website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on June 1, 11 departments including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs formulated and issued the "Guidelines for Coordinating the Prevention and Control of the New Coronary Pneumonia Epidemic and the Guarantee of Supply and Price of "Vegetable Basket" Products, which stipulates that it is strictly forbidden to set up cards without authorization on the grounds of epidemic prevention. Intercepted, randomly cut off roads and closed villages, prevented farmers from farming, and restricted the passage of agricultural machinery.
Judging from the actual situation interviewed by the reporter, farmers can work in the fields at the last moment, and there is no substantial obstacle to the flow of agricultural machinery across provinces and regions, and local governments have also created a circulation environment.
manpower
Last year's large-scale late broadcast was a downside, and an upside was also the weather.
Wang Qingchang said that there is no hot and dry wind this year, which is conducive to the growth of wheat.Hot and dry wind is one of the agro-meteorological disasters with high temperature, low humidity and a certain amount of wind. Generally, the daily maximum temperature is above 32 °C, the relative air humidity is less than or equal to 30% at 14:00, and the wind speed is above 3 m/s. In the critical period of heading, flowering and grain filling, it needs to absorb a large amount of nutrients and water to meet the needs of growth and development. If the dry and hot wind blows, the wheat field will appear too fast transpiration, the grain filling speed of wheat will decrease, and the grain filling period will be shortened, which will lead to Wheat withered and died in advance, and the grain filling was insufficient, which had a huge impact on the yield of wheat.
"Because of late planting, the height of wheat this year is 3 cm shorter. After the height is shorter, it can resist lodging, and lodging will affect the yield." Wang Qingchang said that there were several strong winds during the grain filling period, but the wheat did not lodging.
During the harvest period of wheat, there was no continuous rain, which is more conducive to harvesting, and this year's wheat growth is more conducive to mechanized harvesting. The wheat in the field should be fully harvested, reducing waste.
Winter wheat has a long growing period and good conditions in the later period, which gives an opportunity to reverse the disadvantage of late sowing: the temperature from November to December last year was 1 to 4 degrees Celsius higher than normal, with an average increase of 120 degrees Celsius of accumulated temperature, which is equivalent to 5 to 5 to early sowing dates. 7-day results, which are very beneficial for wheat production.
"The soil water holding capacity in the whole growth period is better than in previous years, the rain and snow weather is more frequent than in previous years, and the frequency of snowfall is also better than in previous years, which is good for wheat overwintering and early growth. The water holding capacity is 70%, which is very beneficial to the increase of production in the whole dry land. If the late sowing is serious, the yield can be flat, and the late sowing at the right time can increase the yield." Liu Luxiang said.
In addition, the quality of wheat this year is also very good, mainly because the wheat has maintained relatively good weather in the middle and late stages of growth, and there is less continuous rainfall on a large scale, which reduces the incidence of scab, which occurs during the flowering period.Not only scab, but also stripe rust, which plagues wheat, occurs less frequently, reducing the control and yield reduction problems caused by pests and diseases.
In addition to taking care of time, manpower is also very important. During the interview, Liu Luxiang lamented many times that the situation is so severe this year. Thanks to the attention of the central government, which has subsidized agriculture many times, it has done everything possible to ensure agricultural production during the epidemic. Methods of increasing yields were spread, and farmers also responded to adverse situations in a variety of ways.
Wang Qingchang said that in the case of late planting, the planting amount was increased by about 5 catties, and the moisture content was relatively good. The spring management is mainly to promote, and the effect of the transformation of seedlings is particularly good. "The government issued a document strictly prohibiting farmers from going to the fields for management. The Department of Agriculture created conditions, and the wheat expert guidance team went to various places to guide field management. The epidemic is so severe, and the practitioners have paid more."
He believes that for a long time, in the case that the area cannot be increased, ensuring the yield per unit is an eternal topic.
In addition, respondents are generally concerned about the rapid rise in the prices of agricultural means of production.
【Editor: Shao Wanyun】
